Improving Educational Pathways to Social Mobility: Evidence from Norway’s Reform 94

We study the impacts of a major reform to vocational secondary education that aimed move beyond trade-off between providing occupational skills and closing off academic opportunities. Norway’s Reform 94 integrated more general into track, offered students pathway college, increased access apprenticeships. identify through difference-in-discontinuity research design applied linked population registries. The substantially initial enrollment, but with divergent consequences by gender. Overall, succeeded at improving social mobility, particularly for disadvantaged men, it somewhat exacerbated gender gap in adult earnings.